Kotala lapitali, Unduna wa Zamalonda, mogwirizana ndi General Administration of Customs, udapereka chilengezo chogwirizana choteteza chitetezo cha dziko ndi zofuna zake pamene ukukwaniritsa maudindo apadziko lonse osafalitsa zinthu. Ndi chilolezo cha Bungwe la Boma, njira zokhwima zowongolera kutumiza kunja zakhazikitsidwa pazinthu zokhudzana ndi tungsten, tellurium, bismuth, molybdenum, ndi indium. Makamaka, zinthu zokhudzana ndi tungsten zomwe zimalamulidwa zimaphatikizapo ammonium paratungstate, tungsten oxides, ma carbide ena a tungsten osalamuliridwa, mitundu yeniyeni ya tungsten yolimba (kupatula granules kapena ufa), ma alloys enieni a tungsten-nickel-iron kapena tungsten-nickel-copper, ndi deta ndi ukadaulo wofunikira popanga zinthu motsatira malamulo enaake (1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d). Ogwira ntchito onse otumiza zinthuzi ayenera kutsatira Lamulo Lolamulira Kutumiza Zinthu ku China ndi Malamulo Okhudza Kulamulira Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja kwa Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawiri, kupempha ndikupeza zilolezo zotumizira kunja kuchokera kwa akuluakulu amalonda a Bungwe la Boma. Chilengezochi chikuyamba kugwira ntchito nthawi yomweyo ndipo chikusintha Mndandanda Wowongolera Kutumiza Zinthu Zakunja wa Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawiri ku People's Republic of China.
I. Zinthu Zokhudzana ndi Tungsten
- 1C117.d. Zipangizo Zogwirizana ndi Tungsten:
- Ammonium paratungstate (HS Code: 2841801000);
- Ma oxide a Tungsten (HS Code: 2825901200, 2825901910, 2825901920);
- Ma carbide a Tungsten sakulamulidwa pansi pa 1C226 (HS Code: 2849902000).
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- 1C117.c. Tungsten Yolimba Yokhala ndi Makhalidwe Onse Otsatirawa:
- Tungsten yolimba (kupatula ma granules kapena ufa) yokhala ndi chilichonse mwa izi:
- Ma alloy a tungsten kapena tungsten okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa tungsten ≥97% polemera, osayang'aniridwa pansi pa 1C226 kapena 1C241 (HS Codes: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Ma alloy a tungsten-mkuwa okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa tungsten ≥80% potengera kulemera (HS Codes: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001);
- Ma alloy a tungsten-siliva okhala ndi tungsten ≥80% ndi siliva ≥2% potengera kulemera (HS Codes: 7106919001, 7106929001);
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- Ikhoza kupangidwa ndi makina aliwonse mwa awa:
- Masilinda okhala ndi mainchesi ≥120 mm ndi kutalika ≥50 mm;
- Machubu okhala ndi mainchesi amkati ≥65 mm, makulidwe a khoma ≥25 mm, ndi kutalika ≥50 mm;
- Mabuloko okhala ndi miyeso ≥120 mm × 120 mm × 50 mm.
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- 1C004. Tungsten-Nickel-Iron kapena Tungsten-Nickel-Copper Alloys yokhala ndi makhalidwe onse otsatirawa:
- Kuchuluka >17.5 g/cm³;
- Mphamvu yotulutsa >800 MPa;
- Mphamvu yolimba kwambiri >1270 MPa;
- Kutalika >8% (HS Codes: 8101940001, 8101991001, 8101999001).
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- 1E004, 1E101.b. Ukadaulo ndi Deta yopangira zinthu pansi pa 1C004, 1C117.c, 1C117.d (kuphatikiza kufotokozera njira, magawo, ndi mapulogalamu opangira).
II. Zinthu Zokhudzana ndi Tellurium
- 6C002.a. Metallic Tellurium (HS Code: 2804500001).
- 6C002.b. Zogulitsa za Single kapena Polycrystalline Tellurium Compound (kuphatikiza ma substrates kapena ma epitaxial wafers):
- Cadmium telluride (HS Code: 2842902000, 3818009021);
- Cadmium zinc telluride (HS Codes: 2842909025, 3818009021);
- Mercury cadmium telluride (HS Code: 2852100010, 3818009021).
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- 6E002. Ukadaulo ndi Deta yopangira zinthu pansi pa 6C002 (kuphatikiza kufotokozera njira, magawo, ndi mapulogalamu opangira).
III. Zinthu Zokhudzana ndi Bismuth
- 6C001.a. Bismuth ndi Zogulitsa Zachitsulo sizimayang'aniridwa pansi pa 1C229, kuphatikiza koma osati kokha ma ingot, ma blocks, mikanda, ma granules, ndi ufa (HS Codes: 8106101091, 8106101092, 8106101099, 8106109090, 8106901019, 8106901029, 8106901099, 8106909090).
- 6C001.b. Bismuth Germanate (HS Code: 2841900041).
- 6C001.c. Triphenylbismuth (HS Code: 2931900032).
- 6C001.d. Tris(p-ethoxyphenyl)bismuth (HS Code: 2931900032).
- 6E001. Ukadaulo ndi Deta yopangira zinthu pansi pa 6C001 (kuphatikiza kufotokozera njira, magawo, ndi mapulogalamu opangira).
IV. Zinthu Zokhudzana ndi Molybdenum
- 1C117.b. Ufa wa Molybdenum: Tinthu ta Molybdenum ndi alloy tomwe tili ndi molybdenum ≥97% potengera kulemera ndi kukula kwa tinthu ta ≤50×10⁻⁶ m (50 μm), tomwe timagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zida za missile (HS Code: 8102100001).
- 1E101.b. Ukadaulo ndi Deta yopangira zinthu pansi pa 1C117.b (kuphatikiza kufotokozera njira, magawo, ndi mapulogalamu opangira).
V. Zinthu Zokhudzana ndi Indium
- 3C004.a. Indium Phosphide (HS Code: 2853904051).
- 3C004.b. Trimethylindium (HS Code: 2931900032).
- 3C004.c. Triethylindium (HS Code: 2931900032).
- 3E004. Ukadaulo ndi Deta yopangira zinthu pansi pa 3C004 (kuphatikiza kufotokozera njira, magawo, ndi mapulogalamu opangira).
Kulamulira Kutumiza Tungsten Si Kuletsa Kotheratu
Kulamulira kutumiza kunja kwa Tungsten sikutanthauza kuletsa kwathunthu kutumiza kunja koma kumaphatikizapo njira zoyendetsera zinthu zinazake zokhudzana ndi tungsten. Otumiza kunja kwa zinthuzi ayenera kufunsira zilolezo kuchokera kwa akuluakulu amalonda oyenerera a Bungwe la Boma motsatira Lamulo la Kulamulira Kutumiza kunja ndi Malamulo a Kulamulira Kutumiza Zinthu Zogwiritsidwa Ntchito Kawiri. Kutumiza kunja kumaloledwa pokhapokha ngati zinthuzo zatsatiridwa ndi kuvomerezedwa.
Zotsatira Zomwe Zingachitike Pamsika Wamkati
Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku Tungsten-Molybdenum Cloud Commerce Platform, kutumiza kunja kwa ammonium paratungstate (APT), tungsten trioxide, ndi tungsten carbide kumaphatikizapo gawo lalikulu la kutumiza kunja kwa tungsten konse:
- Kutumiza kunja kwa APT mu 2023 ndi 2024 kunali pafupifupi matani 803 ndi matani 782, motsatana, chilichonse chinkapanga pafupifupi 4% ya mafuta onse otumizidwa kunja kwa tungsten.
- Kutumiza kunja kwa tungsten trioxide kunali pafupifupi matani 2,699 mu 2023 ndi matani 3,190 mu 2024, zomwe zinawonjezeka kuchoka pa 14% mpaka 17% ya zonse zomwe zinatumizidwa kunja.
- Kutumiza kunja kwa tungsten carbide kunali pafupifupi matani 4,433 mu 2023 ndi matani 4,147 mu 2024, zomwe zinasunga gawo la pafupifupi 22%.
Kukhazikitsa njira zowongolera kutumiza kunja kwa tungsten kudzapangitsa kuti zinthuzi ziyang'aniridwe mozama komanso kuvomerezedwa, zomwe zingakhudze ntchito za ogulitsa ena ogulitsa kunja. Komabe, poganizira kuti zinthuzi ndizochepa kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimagulitsidwa kunja kwa tungsten, kukhudzidwa konse kwa msika wa tungsten wamkati mwa dzikolo komanso momwe mitengo ikuyendera kukuyembekezeka kukhala kochepa. Ndondomekoyi ingalimbikitsenso mabizinesi kuti aziganizira kwambiri zaukadaulo ndi khalidwe la zinthu kuti akwaniritse bwino zosowa za msika wamkati ndi wapadziko lonse lapansi.
Kufunika Kwambiri kwa Tungsten
Kusungunuka kwa Tungsten kwambiri, kuuma kwake, mphamvu yake yoyendetsa zinthu, komanso kukana dzimbiri kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri m'mafakitale apadziko lonse lapansi. Pakupanga zitsulo, tungsten imawonjezera mphamvu, kulimba, komanso kukana kuvala, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina ndi zomangamanga. Mu zamagetsi, ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazigawo, ma lead ophatikizika, ndi ulusi wachikhalidwe. Mumlengalenga, ma aloyi a tungsten ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa masamba a injini ndi ma nozzles a rocket, zomwe zimathandiza kufufuza malo. Pankhondo, ma aloyi a tungsten ndi ofunikira kwambiri pa zida zoboola zida, zida za missile, ndi zida zankhondo, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu zachitetezo cha dziko. Kuonetsetsa kuti pali tungsten yokhazikika m'nyumba ndikofunikira kwambiri pachitetezo cha dziko.
Zotsatira Zakanthawi Kakafupi Ndi Kakatali
M'kanthawi kochepa, kuwongolera kutumiza kunja kudzachepetsa kuchuluka kwa tungsten ku China kumisika yapadziko lonse, zomwe zingasokoneze kuchuluka kwa nthawi yayitali kwa kufunikira kwa supply ndi kufunikira kwa tungsten padziko lonse lapansi komanso kukweza mitengo ya tungsten yapadziko lonse chifukwa cha kufunikira kolimba kwa zinthu zomwe zikukwera. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kuwongolera kumeneku kudzalimbikitsa kukweza mafakitale, kulimbikitsa ndalama zofufuza ndi chitukuko, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino chuma, komanso kupanga zinthu zamtengo wapatali kuti ziwonjezere mphamvu ya China mumakampani opanga tungsten.
Ziwerengero za Tungsten Padziko Lonse
Malinga ndi USGS, malo osungiramo tungsten padziko lonse lapansi mu 2023 anali pafupifupi matani 4.4 miliyoni, kuwonjezeka ndi 15.79% pachaka, pomwe China inali ndi 52.27% (matani 2.3 miliyoni). Kupanga kwa tungsten padziko lonse lapansi kunali matani 78,000, kutsika ndi 2.26%, pomwe China idapereka 80.77% (matani 63,000). Deta ya kasitomu yaku China ikuwonetsa kutumiza kunja kwa tungsten, kuphatikiza miyala ya tungsten, asidi wa tungstic, tungsten trioxide, tungsten carbides, ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za tungsten. Mu 2024, China idatumiza matani 782.41 a APT (kutsika ndi 2.53%, 4.06% ya zonse zomwe zatumizidwa kunja), matani 3,189.96 a tungsten trioxide (kukwera ndi 18.19%, 16.55% ya zonse zomwe zatumizidwa kunja), ndi matani 4,146.76 a tungsten carbide (kutsika ndi 6.46%, 21.52% ya zonse zomwe zatumizidwa kunja).
CHENGDU HUAXIN CEMENTED CARBIDE CO., LTD ndi kampani yogulitsa zinthu za tungsten carbide, monga mipeni yopangira carbide yopangira matabwa, mipeni yozungulira ya carbide yopangira ndodo zosefera fodya ndi ndudu, mipeni yozungulira yopangira makatoni okhala ndi mabowo atatu, masamba opindika/opindika opakidwa, tepi, kudula filimu yopyapyala, masamba odulira ulusi wa makampani opanga nsalu ndi zina zotero.
Ndi chitukuko cha zaka zoposa 25, zinthu zathu zatumizidwa ku US A, Russia, South America, India, Turkey, Pakistan, Australia, Southeast Asia ndi zina zotero. Ndi khalidwe labwino kwambiri komanso mitengo yopikisana, Khama lathu logwira ntchito komanso kuyankha kwathu kwavomerezedwa ndi makasitomala athu. Ndipo tikufuna kukhazikitsa ubale watsopano wamalonda ndi makasitomala atsopano.
Lumikizanani nafe lero ndipo mudzasangalala ndi ubwino wa zinthu zathu zabwino komanso ntchito zabwino!
Nthawi yotumizira: Juni-04-2025
